As it happened, Chicago wasn't the only team throwing games. An investigation into the Chicago Cubs led to the gamblers who fixed the 1919 Series, in turn leading to a grand jury investigation. Thanks to the confessions of Shoeless Joe Jackson and others, the eight White Sox players were indicted and brought to trial. But, lacking evidence and testimony, the jury acquitted the defendants. Then the baseball owners, shame-faced over covering up widespread gambling and fearful that the game would be killed by the scandal, appointed Judge Kenisaw Mountain Landis as Baseball Commissioner. He banned the eight from pro baseball for life and ruled that any gambling activities would be punished by lifelong banning.